A history of the development of railway engineering, including the evolution of the basis of key engineering principles such as track gauge and loading gauge and key basic safety features such as block signalling and interlocking. An analysis of the components of track design and the contribution they make to form railway permanent way. Methods of determining permanent way alignment, switch and crossing design and signalling, including the use of computer software. Key principles of other engineering features on the railway, including earthworks, drainage, bridges, structures, tunnels and overhead line equipment. Special requirements for high speed rail and light rail systems. Maintenance and renewal of railways.